Category Archives: Uterus

Hysterectomy Grossing

Hysterectomy Grossing

How to gross a hysterectomy specimen:

1. open along lateral sides
2. open tumor if large to allow fixation
3. make parallel sections 1 cm apart from endocervical canal to superior aspect
4. if cervical tumor suspected, ampuate cervix and process as a cone biopsy
5. ink margins of resection including vaginal margin
6. examine: shape, serosa, myometrium, endometrium, cerivx, myomas
7. Sections:
non-tumor: anterior and posterior: endometrium, myometrium (full thickness), lower uterine segment, cervix;
fibroids, leiomyomas: at least 1 section, submit more if fleshy; polyps submit in toto;
cancer, tumor (1 section/cm/minimum 3 sections);
different appearing regions, deepest invasion
each ovary (cortex, hilar region)
each fallopian tube
lymph nodes

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Endometrial Cancer Synoptic Report

Endometrial Cancer Synoptic Report

Tumor size and location
Histologic type
Histologic grade
Depth of invasion (uterine wall thickness, maximum depth of myoinvasion, measured from endomyometrial junction)
Angiolymphatic invasion
Preserve of cervical involvement
Features of uninvolved uterus (hyperplasia, metaplasia)
Margins
Nodal involvement (# positive nodes, # total lymph nodes)

 

Key points:

Atypical hyperplasia versus carcinoma. TAH (unless pregnant or morbid reasons)
>50% myometrial invasion external beam boost
Poorly diff carcinoma external beam boost
Cervical involvement- vaginal vault boost

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Endometrial Cancer Grading

Endometrial Cancer Grading

Endometrioid and mucinous

- measure % of solid growth
Grade 1: < 5%
Grade 2: 5-50%
Grade 3: > 50%

* if nuclear grade is predominantly high grade then upgrade by 1
** do not include squamous metaplasia

Serous and clear cell

- considered high grade

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Endometrial Cancer Staging

Endometrial Cancer Staging

Tx – cannot be assessed
T0 – no evidence of primary tumor
T1a – confined to the endometrium
1b – confined to inner half
1c – confined to outer half
T2a – endocervical glands involved by cancer
T2b – endocervical stroma involved by cancer
T3 – serosa, adnexa or washings positive for cancer
T4 – bladder and/or rectum involved

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Carcinosarcoma

Carcinosarcoma

Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor

Clinical: post-menopausal women
Gross:  large, soft polypoid

Histology: carcinoma and sarcoma elements
- sharp demarcation
- homologous or heterologous sarcomatous elements (skeletal muscle, bone, fat, cartilage)
- look for cross-striations
- thought of as “carcinomas” because epithelial component more invasive and metastatic
- lymphatic and vascular invasion

Immunohistochemistry

- keratin positive in epithelial and in sarcomatous component in 50% of cases

Prognosis: very aggressive

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Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma

Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma

Gross:  polyp (hard and gray)

Histology:
- endometrial glands, architectural atypia +/- cytological atypia
- benign swirling smooth muscle
- squamous morules

Differential diagnosis: invasive adenocarcinoma

Prognosis: usually benign, rare cases recur

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Adenosarcoma

Adenosarcoma

Clinical: elderly women
Gross:  bulky polyp filling endometrial cavity

Histology: analagous to phyllodes tumor of breast
- epithelial (benign) and stromal (hypercellular)
- glands large with periglandular stromal cuffing
- leaf-like projections into glandular lumina
- 2+ mitotic figures / 10 high power fields

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Adenofibroma

Adenofibroma

Clinical: older women, benign counterpart of adenosarcoma
Gross:  firm, knobby polyp

Histology: broad club shaped papillae lined by endometrium and stromal core
- 0-1 mitoses /10 HPF

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Adenomyoma

Adenomyoma

Gross: polyp appearance

Histology: endometrial glands in benign smooth muscle

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Uterine Leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Clinical: older women

Gross:  fleshy with necrotic or hemorrhagic areas

Histology: Need 2 of 3 criteria below
- mitoses
- atypia
- coagulative necrosis – hyaline vs. tumor type necrosis (no hyaline material is to be present between tumor and necrosis)

Leiomyosarcoma Immunohistochemistry

- h-caldesmon, desmin, calponin, smooth muscle actin (SMA)

Leiomyosarcoma Prognostic Factors

- grade
- stage (depth of invasion into myometrium, cervical extension)
- histologic type (serous and clear cell higher grade)
- lymphatic and vascular invasion
- estrogen dependent tumors have better prognosis

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