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Category Archives: Infections
Fungal Histopathology
Fungal Histopathology
Infectious Organisms
Cryptococcus: spherical with halo which is PAS and mucicarmine +
Mucormycosis: clear hyphae, no septae, wide branches
Aspergillus: septae, 45 degree branching
Entamoeba histolytica: in ulcer appears as a macrophage (foamy cytoplasm with perfect purple round eccentric nucleus), look for eaten red blood cells
Cryptosporidisosis: little dots on the apical surface
Microsporidia: numerous tiny dots inside enterocyte at apex
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms): has 2 little side thorns
Strongyloides: worms with pointy tails
Spirochetosis: fringe bacteria stuck in the BB (WS +)
Actinomycosis: sulfur granules
MAI: histiocytes with bacilli (PAS, ZN)
Posted in Infections
Tagged Fungal Histopathology, Fungal infection, fungi, Histopathology of Fungi, infection, Infectious Organisms
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HIV Histology
HIV Histology
Persons at risk of HIV:
hemophiliacs, transfusions, IV drug users, health care workers, homosexuals, unprotected intercourse
HIV lymph node histology and pathology:
Early stage: marked follicular hyperplasia
Later stages: follicular depletion with disruption of follicular dendritic cells, germinal centres hyalinized. May harbor opportunistic pathogens.
Posted in Infections
Tagged , HIV Histology, HIV lymph node histology, Persons at risk of HIV
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Aspergillus
Aspergillus
Aspergillus Infection Aspergillus fumigatus
A common lung infection is by the fungus Aspergillus. This is especially common in immunocomprimised patients.
Aspergillus seen infecting the lung. Aspergillus seen branching at 45 degree angles.
Posted in Infections
Tagged Aspergillus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal infection, lung infection
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Pathogen
Disease
Symptoms as a result of an infecitous process, external agent or internal changes and adaptations.
Exposure
Contact with an agent, usually infectious.
Incubation
The time from infection to the beginning of the symptoms of disease.
Infection
The persistence of organisms within or on another organism.
Opportunist
An organism that is usually harmless but can become pathogenic.
Pathogen
Organism capable of causing disease.
Influenza
Influenza Infection
Flu infection and the Flu Virus
Flu Symptoms
Recent onset of dry cough, fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pains. These symptoms most often resolve within one week with only the cough lasting longer. Most people initially self-mediate themselves with tylenol.
Influenza is an upper respiratory tract infection, and its most important sign is a dry cough.
Flu and Pneumonia
Influenza virus can progress to a lower respiratory tract infection with bacteria due to the damage to tissue and inflammation caused by influenza that allows bacteria to enter and cause damage. A lower respiratory tract infection is a penumonia. A common bacteria that can cause this is H. infleunzae.
Posted in Infections
Tagged , cold, cough, epidemic, flu infection, flu virus, H. infleunzae, infection, Influenza, influenza infection, pneumonia, Virus
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Virus
A virus consists of little or more than strands of DNA OR RNA
Unlike cells, viruses can neither grow nor carry on metabolism; viruses can replicate but they cannot carry on metabolism
Viruses have no organelles.
Viruses can reproduce only when they have attached themselves to a host cell or if it is contained in an envelope.
Viruses are very small compared to cells they infect.
Viruses do not contain enzymes; their host cells contain the enzymes.
A virus protein coat/capsid determines all the receptor sites to which the virus can attach.
If an infection leads to the death of the cell, the infection is called a virus (viral replication).
If an infection causes rapid division of the cell, the result is the replication of provirus with DNA
When an infection is hidden or inactive it is called inert.
T-lymphocytes are natural defences against viruses that act before viruses infect a cell.
B-lymphocytes and antibodies are natural defences against viruses that act after viruses infect a cell.
Rickettsia
Rickettsia
Rickettsia is a small round to rod like bacteria which is difficult to culture as it needs an organism or cells to grow on, not an agar culture. Rickettsia is an obligate intracellular parasitic bacterium. Rickettsia is transmitted through insect vectors.
Rickettsia causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) and Q-Fever (Coxiella burnetti).
Posted in Infections
Tagged , Coxiella burnetti, Q-Fever, Rickettsia, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma has no cell wall and therefore is difficult to detect, as mycoplasma is invisible on a gram stain. Mycoplasma lyse very easily with changes in osmosis and therefore die easily. Mycoplasma are also known to be the smallest organisms that are able to self-replication, next to the virus.
Mycoplasma Infections
Mycoplasma causes infection of the womb after birth, postpartum endometritis (Mycoplasma hominis) and pneumoniae, community-acquired (Mycoplasma pnuemoniae).
Mycobacteria
Mycobacteria
Mycobacteria are aeronic bacteria that grow very slowly. Mycobacteria take hours to grow in culture.
Mycobacteria are also known as acid-fast bacilli as they are unable to take up stains. Mycobacteria are slow-growing bacteria, such as tuberculosis, that contain mycolic acids, which are long-chain fatty acids, making cells invisible to crystal violet and other basic dyes. Mycolic acid prevents the dye from being taken up by the cell. In order to pick up mycobacteria, the Ziehl-Neelson stain is required. The ZN stain along with heat and detergents forces the dye into the cell, by distrupting the cell transiently. Once the dye is within the cell, it cannot be removed by acid or alcohol.
Mycobacterum species:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium avium
Chlamydia
Chlamydia
Chlamydia cannot be grown on routine culture and therefore poses many difficulties. Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria that can cause many different diseases. It actually grows within immune cells and can hide there by evading the antigen presentation system of these cells.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common sexually-transmitted disease and is usually asymptomatic. Chlamydia causes genital tract infections and can cause scaring of fallopian tubes and sterility if left untreated for long. Chlamydia can causes ocular trachoma in the eye and pneumonia (Chlamydia pneumoniae).
Posted in Infections
Tagged , Bacteria, Chlamydia, Chlamydia trachomatis, infection, parasite, sexually transmitted disease, std
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