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Category Archives: Esophagus
Indications for Esophagectomy
Indications for Esophagectomy
- High grade dysplasia (controversial)
- Intramucosal carcinoma
- Carcinoma
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged esophageal cancer, Esophageal intramucosal carcinoma, Esophagectomy, Esophagus High Grade Dysplasia
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Esophageal Cancer Staging
Esophageal Cancer Staging
T1 invasion into lamina propria OR submucosa
T2 invasion into muscularis propria
T3 invasion into adventitia
T4 invasion into adjacent organs
N0
N1 regional nodes metastasis
M0
M1 distant metastases
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged , Cancer stages, Cancer staging, Esophageal cancer staging, Esophagus cancer staging, Staging, TNM, TNM Cancer Staging, TNM staging
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Reflux Esophagitis
Reflux Esophagitis
Histology:
- basal cell hyperplasia >1/3 thickness
- dermal papillae > 2/3 thickness
- chronic inflammation with lymphocytes, plasma cells
- eosinophils present think Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD, eosinophilic esophagitis
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged , Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophagitis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, gerd, Reflux, Reflux Esophagitis
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Glycogenic Acanthosis
Glycogenic Acanthosis
Gross appearance:
- multiple white plaques < 1 cm
Histology:
- acanthosis with glycogen-packed cells
Varices
Varices
- secondary to portal hypertension
Cause of portal hypertension
North America – alcoholic cirrhosis
Worldwide – viral hepatitis, Schistosomiasis
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged , Alcoholic cirrhosis, cirrhosis, Esophageal varices, Esophagus varice, Portal hypertension, Schistosomiasis, Varices
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Mallory-Weiss Tear
Mallory-Weiss Tear
- longitudinal laceration
- secondary to iatrogenic instrumentation, alcohol
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged , Esophageal tear, Esophagus tear, Mallory-Weiss, Mallory-Weiss Tear, tear
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Esophagus Hernia
Esophagus Hernia
- sliding hernia
- para-esophageal hernia
Complications: ulcer, bleed, perforation, strangulation of para-esophageal hernias
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged , Esophageal hernia, Esophagus Hernia, Hernia, Hernia strangulation, Para-esophageal hernia
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Esophagus Diverticulum
Esophagus Diverticulum
Diverticulae
- Zenker’s diverticulum – above upper esophageal sphincter (UES), mass in neck, secondary to dysfunction in cricopharyngeal muscle
- mid-esophageal diverticulum
- epiphrenic diverticulum – above lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged , Diverticulae, diverticulum, Esophagus Diverticulae, Esophagus Diverticulum, Zenker's diverticulum
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Achalasia
Achalasia
Pathophysiology:
- T cell mediated destruction and disruption of myenteric plexus resulting in decreased peristalsis, relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) with swallowing and decreased resting tone of LES
Pathology:
- dilation of the esophagus proximal to LES
- hypertrophy or thinning of muscularis
Posted in Esophagus
Tagged , Achalasia, Esophagus motility disorder, LES, lower esophageal sphincter, Motility disorder, Motility disorders
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Esophagus Cysts
Esophagus Cysts
- duplication (have mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer)
- bronchogenic (cartilage in wall)
- neuroenteric (lined by intestinal mucosa)
- developmental (ciliated or squamous lined with smooth muscle)
- inclusion (lined by squamocolumnar epithelium) –> retention cysts (mucoceles, from obstructed submucosal gland ducts)