Category Archives: Cervix

Cervical Cancer Staging

Cervical Cancer Staging

Tx – cannot be assessed
T0 – no evidence of primary tumor
T1a – microscopically invasive
T1a1 – <3mm deep, 7mm wide
T1a2 – <5mm deep, 7mm wide
T1b – visible invasion
T1b1 – <4cm
T1b2 – >4cm
T2 – beyond uterus
T3 – pelvic wall OR lower 1/3 vagina
T4 – bladder/rectum

Measuring depth of invasion

Cervix Grossing

CONE BIOPSY
1. open at 12 o’clock (open like this:“O”?”U”)
2. pin on corkboard with mucosa up and fix
3. ink margins
4. cut parallel sections and submit from 12-3, 3-6,6-9 and 9-12 o’clock & mark on drawing
5. submit in toto

SYNOPTIC REPORT
CONE BIOPSY
Macroscopic tumor site (quadrant: either 12-3, 3-6, 6-9 or 9-12 o’clock)
Tumor size
Histologic tumor type (WHO)
Tumor grade
Depth of invasion (mm)
Width (horizontal extent) of tumor (mm)
Margins (endocervical, exocervical, deep) margin – involved by intraepithelial/invasive carcinoma (focal or diffuse) or __ mm from closest invasive carcinoma

HYSTERECTOMY
Specimen type
Other organs present
Macroscopic tumor site (quadrant: either 12-3, 3-6, 6-9 or 9-12 o’clock)
Tumor size
Histologic tumor type (WHO)
Tumor grade
Depth of invasion (mm)
pTNM / FIGO staging
Margins
Distal margin – involved or not involved by carcinoma in situ

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Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors of Cervix

Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors of Cervix

Adenosarcoma
Carcinosarcoma
Wilms tumor

Other rare non-epithelial or non-mesenchymal tumors of cervix

Melanoma
Lymphoma, Myeloid sarcoma
Germ cell tumor (YST, teratoma)

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Mesenchymal Tumors of Cervix

Mesenchymal Tumors of the Cervix

Leiomyosarcoma
ESS, undifferentiated stromal sarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Botryoides rhabdomyosarcoma
Alveolar soft part sarcoma

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Cervix Sarcoma Botryoides

Sarcoma Botryoides

Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma

Clinical: young children

Gross: polypoid growth into a cavity (uterus, cervix, conjunctiva)

Histology:

- cambium layer beneath cervical, loose myxoid stroma, cartilage in older women; occasional mitoses

Immunohistochemistry

- desmin, muscle specific actin MSA, smooth muscle actin SMA, myoD1

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Cervical Adenocarcinoma

Cervical Adenocarcinoma

Differentiate cervical adenocarcinoma from the endometrium, microglandular hyperplasia, papillary cervicitis

Cervical Adenocarcinoma Variants

Mucinous
Clear cell (Differential diagnosis: Arias Stella reaction)
Endometroid
Villoglandular
Adenoma malignum
Nephric carcinoma
Serous papillary adenocarcinoma

Differential Diagnosis with Endometrial Adenocarcinoma

Features that favor cervical origin
1. AIS adenocarcinoma in situ in cervix
2. CEA positive
3. Vimentin negative
4. Estrogen receptor negative or weak
5. Human papillomavirus HPV positive by FISH

Immunohistochemistry

- p16 positive, HPV human papillomavirus positive (ISH)

Other Epithelial Tumors of the Cervix

Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Adenoid basal carcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma
- Glassy cell variant
Neuroendocrine tumors
(carcinoid, small cell, undifferentiated)

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Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants

Variants:
Keratinzing
Non-keratinizing
Basaloid
Verrucous
Warty
Papillary

Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

Sex (early age, multiple partners, male partner with multiple partners), HSIL, smoking

Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis

TNM stage, (size, depth of invasion, parametrial involvement, nodes)

Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Immunohistochemistry

CK, CEA, p63

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Cervical Adenocarcinoma In Situ

Adenocarcinoma In Situ

Clinical: 30-40
Associated with Human Papillomavirus HPV

Histology: Adenocarcinoma In Situ AIS has sharp demarcation from normal epithelium

Microinvasive Adenocarcinoma <3 mm, age 40-45 {invasive, age 45-55}

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Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion

Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion LSIL

Koilocytosis: nuclear pleomorphism, wrinkled hyperchromatic nucleus, binucleated, perinuclear halo with peripheral condensation
Gross:Slightly raised (condylomas) or flat;
Histology: thickened (acanthotic) epithelium with koilocytotic atypia in middle or upper epithelium
- lower third dysplastic

High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion HSIL

Histology

- at least 1/3 to total replacement of epithelium by atypical cells in at least part of the lesion with loss of maturation; koilocytes

Differential Diagnosis of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions

- atrophy
- pseudokoilocytosis in post-menopausal
- invasive squamous cell carcinomaSCC
- transitional cell carcinoma, metaplasia
- reactive changes

Microinvasion

- maximal depth of 3 mm (T1a <3mm, T1b <5mm)
- maximal horizontal spread of 7 mm
- no angiolymphatic invasion
- low recurrence risk and nodal involvement

Treatment of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion

- conservative therapy with loop if fertility required to preserve

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HSIL versus Atrophy

HSIL versus Atrophy

Ki-67
HSIL full thickness involvement positive

p16
HSIL upper 2/3 of epithelium positive
(CDKI associated incorporation into host genome)

Both are negative with atrophy

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Squamous Papilloma

Squamous Papilloma

Gross: polypoid
Histology: papillomatosis, NO koilocytosis

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