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Category Archives: Cervix
Cervical Cancer Staging
Cervical Cancer Staging
Tx – cannot be assessed
T0 – no evidence of primary tumor
T1a – microscopically invasive
T1a1 – <3mm deep, 7mm wide
T1a2 – <5mm deep, 7mm wide
T1b – visible invasion
T1b1 – <4cm
T1b2 – >4cm
T2 – beyond uterus
T3 – pelvic wall OR lower 1/3 vagina
T4 – bladder/rectum
Measuring depth of invasion
Cervix Grossing
CONE BIOPSY
1. open at 12 o’clock (open like this:“O”?”U”)
2. pin on corkboard with mucosa up and fix
3. ink margins
4. cut parallel sections and submit from 12-3, 3-6,6-9 and 9-12 o’clock & mark on drawing
5. submit in toto
SYNOPTIC REPORT
CONE BIOPSY
Macroscopic tumor site (quadrant: either 12-3, 3-6, 6-9 or 9-12 o’clock)
Tumor size
Histologic tumor type (WHO)
Tumor grade
Depth of invasion (mm)
Width (horizontal extent) of tumor (mm)
Margins (endocervical, exocervical, deep) margin – involved by intraepithelial/invasive carcinoma (focal or diffuse) or __ mm from closest invasive carcinoma
HYSTERECTOMY
Specimen type
Other organs present
Macroscopic tumor site (quadrant: either 12-3, 3-6, 6-9 or 9-12 o’clock)
Tumor size
Histologic tumor type (WHO)
Tumor grade
Depth of invasion (mm)
pTNM / FIGO staging
Margins
Distal margin – involved or not involved by carcinoma in situ
Posted in Cervix
Tagged Cancer staging, Cervical Cancer Staging, Cervical cancer synoptic report, Cervix Grossing, Grossing, Specimen grossing, Staging, Surgical pathology grossing, Synoptic report
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Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors of Cervix
Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors of Cervix
Adenosarcoma
Carcinosarcoma
Wilms tumor
Other rare non-epithelial or non-mesenchymal tumors of cervix
Melanoma
Lymphoma, Myeloid sarcoma
Germ cell tumor (YST, teratoma)
Posted in Cervix
Tagged Adenosarcoma, Carcinosarcoma, germ cell tumor, Lymphoma, melanoma, Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors, Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors of Cervix, Myeloid sarcoma, wilms tumor
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Mesenchymal Tumors of Cervix
Mesenchymal Tumors of the Cervix
Leiomyosarcoma
ESS, undifferentiated stromal sarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Botryoides rhabdomyosarcoma
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Posted in Cervix
Tagged Alveolar soft part sarcoma, Botryoides rhabdomyosarcoma, Cervical Mesenchymal Tumors, Leiomyosarcoma, Mesenchymal, Mesenchymal Tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma, Sarcoma, tumors, undifferentiated stromal sarcoma
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Cervix Sarcoma Botryoides
Sarcoma Botryoides
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical: young children
Gross: polypoid growth into a cavity (uterus, cervix, conjunctiva)
Histology:
- cambium layer beneath cervical, loose myxoid stroma, cartilage in older women; occasional mitoses
Immunohistochemistry
- desmin, muscle specific actin MSA, smooth muscle actin SMA, myoD1
Posted in Cervix
Tagged Botryoides, Botryoides rhabdomyosarcoma, cambium layer, cervical cancer, Cervix cancer, desmin, embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma, muscle specific actin, myoD1, rhabdomyosarcoma, Sarcoma, Sarcoma Botryoides, smooth muscle actin
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Cervical Adenocarcinoma
Cervical Adenocarcinoma
Differentiate cervical adenocarcinoma from the endometrium, microglandular hyperplasia, papillary cervicitis
Cervical Adenocarcinoma Variants
Mucinous
Clear cell (Differential diagnosis: Arias Stella reaction)
Endometroid
Villoglandular
Adenoma malignum
Nephric carcinoma
Serous papillary adenocarcinoma
Differential Diagnosis with Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Features that favor cervical origin
1. AIS adenocarcinoma in situ in cervix
2. CEA positive
3. Vimentin negative
4. Estrogen receptor negative or weak
5. Human papillomavirus HPV positive by FISH
Immunohistochemistry
- p16 positive, HPV human papillomavirus positive (ISH)
Other Epithelial Tumors of the Cervix
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Adenoid basal carcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma
- Glassy cell variant
Neuroendocrine tumors
(carcinoid, small cell, undifferentiated)
Posted in Cervix
Tagged adenocarcinoma, Adenoid basal carcinoma, Adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenoma malignum, Adenosquamous carcinoma, Arias-Stella Reaction, carcinoid, Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Cervical Adenocarcinoma Immunohistochemistry, Cervical Adenocarcinoma Variants, cervical cancer, Cervical carcinoma, Cervicitis, Cervix adenocarcinoma, Cervix cancer, Clear Cell Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Glassy cell variant, hpv, Human Papillomavirus, In Situ Hybridization, ISH, Microglandular Hyperplasia, Mucinous Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Nephric carcinoma, Neuroendocrine carcinoma, p16, Papillary cervicitis, Serous Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Serous papillary adenocarcinoma, Small cell carcinoma, Villoglandular Cervical Adenocarcinoma
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Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants
Variants:
Keratinzing
Non-keratinizing
Basaloid
Verrucous
Warty
Papillary
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors
Sex (early age, multiple partners, male partner with multiple partners), HSIL, smoking
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis
TNM stage, (size, depth of invasion, parametrial involvement, nodes)
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Immunohistochemistry
CK, CEA, p63
Posted in Cervix
Tagged Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Immunohistochemistry, Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis, Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors, Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants, Cervix squamous cell cancer, Cervix Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, Papillary squamous cell carcinoma, squamous cancer, Squamous Cell Cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Warty Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Cervical Adenocarcinoma In Situ
Adenocarcinoma In Situ
Clinical: 30-40
Associated with Human Papillomavirus HPV
Histology: Adenocarcinoma In Situ AIS has sharp demarcation from normal epithelium
Microinvasive Adenocarcinoma <3 mm, age 40-45 {invasive, age 45-55}
Posted in Cervix
Tagged adenocarcinoma in situ, AIS, Cervical Adenocarcinoma In Situ, cervical cancer, hpv, Human Papillomavirus, Microinvasive Adenocarcinoma, Type of Cervical Cancer
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Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion LSIL
Koilocytosis: nuclear pleomorphism, wrinkled hyperchromatic nucleus, binucleated, perinuclear halo with peripheral condensation
Gross:Slightly raised (condylomas) or flat;
Histology: thickened (acanthotic) epithelium with koilocytotic atypia in middle or upper epithelium
- lower third dysplastic
High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion HSIL
Histology
- at least 1/3 to total replacement of epithelium by atypical cells in at least part of the lesion with loss of maturation; koilocytes
Differential Diagnosis of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
- atrophy
- pseudokoilocytosis in post-menopausal
- invasive squamous cell carcinomaSCC
- transitional cell carcinoma, metaplasia
- reactive changes
Microinvasion
- maximal depth of 3 mm (T1a <3mm, T1b <5mm)
- maximal horizontal spread of 7 mm
- no angiolymphatic invasion
- low recurrence risk and nodal involvement
Treatment of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
- conservative therapy with loop if fertility required to preserve
Posted in Cervix
Tagged Cervical carcinoma microinvasion, Differential Diagnosis of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, hsil, Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, LSIL, Microinvasion, SIL, squamous intraepithelial lesion, Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Microinvasion, Treatment of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
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HSIL versus Atrophy
HSIL versus Atrophy
Ki-67
HSIL full thickness involvement positive
p16
HSIL upper 2/3 of epithelium positive
(CDKI associated incorporation into host genome)
Both are negative with atrophy
Posted in Cervix
Tagged Atrophy, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, hsil, Ki-67, p16, squamous intraepithelial lesion
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Squamous Papilloma
Squamous Papilloma
Gross: polypoid
Histology: papillomatosis, NO koilocytosis