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Category Archives: Cell
Colon Cancer Pathway
Colorectal Carcinoma Genetic Pathways
Pathways to colorectal carcinoma:
1) chromosome instability pathway (adenoma to cancer pathway)
2) microsatellite instability pathway
3) MYH pathway
4) CpG island methylation pathway –> important mechanism of inactivating tumor suppressor genes
Extracellular matrix components
Components of the extracellular matrix
1. Fibrous structural proteins:
-(collagen {E-D}, elastin, fibrillin {Marfan})
2. Adhesive glycoproteins:
-(fibronectin, laminin, integrins)
3. Gel of proteoglycans and hyaluronan:
▪ proteoglycans 
core of protein and multiple twigs of polysaccharides (aka GAG))
▪ hyaluronan: (superhuge repeating disaccharides)
Posted in Cell
Tagged , Adhesive glycoproteins, Extracellular matrix, extracellular matrix components, Fibronectin, Fibrous structural proteins, Hyaluronan, Integrins, Laminin, Proteoglycans
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What is collagen
What is collagen?
Collagen is a component of soft tissue and acts as a supportive structure of cellular architecture and composition. It consists biochemically of an alpha triple helix with repeating polypeptide sequence → gly-x-y.
Collagen mutation genetic disorders
Collagen Mutations
Genetic disorders associated with collagen mutations:
1. Alport syndrome (type IV) → basement membrance
2. Ehlers-Danlos (type III and IV)
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta (E-D syndrome) (type I)
Posted in Cell
Tagged , Alport syndrome, Collagen mutation genetic disorders, Collagen mutations, Ehlers-Danlos, Genetic disorders associated with collagen mutations, Osteogenesis imperfecta
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Angiogenesis Factors
Angiogenesis Factors
Most important factor involved in angiogenesis
-VEGF
Factors involved in angiogenesis
-Angiopoietins 1 and 2
-FGF
Posted in Cell
Tagged , Angiogenesis, Angiogenesis Factor, Angiogenesis Factors, Angiopoietin, Angiopoietins, FGF, VEGF
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Growth factor molecules
Growth factor molecules
1. EGF
2. VEGF
3. PDGF
4. IGF-1
5. TGF-β
Posted in Cell
Tagged , EGF, Growth factor, Growth factor molecule, Growth factor molecules, Growth factors, IGF-1, PDGF, TGF, TGF-b, VEGF
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Wound Healing Factors
Wound Healing Factors
Local factors:
· Infection
· Mechanical (early motion of wounds)
· Foreign bodies
· Size and location (face heals faster b/c more vascular)
Systemic factors:
· Nutrition
· Metabolic status (DM)
· Circulatory status (poor blood supply)
· Hormones (glucocorticoids can ↓healing)
Posted in Cell
Tagged , Cell healing, Cellular healing factors, Healing factors, wound healing, Wound Healing Factors
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MAP-kinase pathway
Signal transduction pathway
MAP-kinase pathway:
1. Receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK→binding of growth factor results in autophosphorylation
2. Results in binding of adaptor proteins (GRB2, SOS)
3. Results in activation of Ras (Ras-GDP→Ras + GTP)
4. Results in phosphorylation of Raf
5. Results in phosphorylation of MEK
6. Results in activation of transcription factors c-jun and c-fos
Posted in Cell
Tagged , c-fos, c-jun, MAP kinase pathway, MEK, Phosphorylation, Raf, Receptor tyrosine kinase, Signal transduction pathway, Transcription factors
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Inflammation
Inflammation
Steps involved in leukocyte extravasation
1. Rolling → selectins (P/E-selectin)
2. Activation → integrins (ICAM/VCAM)
3. Adhesion
4. Transmigration → (ICAM/PECAM)
Endogenous mediators of chemotaxis
1. C5a
2. leukotriene B4
3. cytokines (IL-8)
Phagocytosis steps
1. recognition and attachment
2. engulfment
3. killing and degradation
Vasoactive amines
1. histamine
2. serotonin
Compounds which cause vasodilation.
1. Prostaglandins
2. Nitric oxide, NO
Posted in Cell
Tagged , chemotaxis, Endogenous mediators, Inflammation, leukocyte extravasation, Nitric oxide, Phagocytosis, prostaglandins, Vasoactive amines
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